Which solution will meet these requirements?

Explanations:

While using an AWS Storage Gateway file gateway allows access to S3, it does not provide the necessary sub-millisecond latency required for HPC workloads. The file gateway introduces additional latency due to the integration with S3, which is not suitable for high-performance computing applications that demand high throughput and low latency.

Amazon FSx for Lustre is designed for high-performance workloads and can provide sub-millisecond latency and high throughput. By integrating it with Amazon S3, the FSx for Lustre file system can efficiently access the data stored in S3 while delivering the required performance for the HPC cluster. This solution meets both the latency and throughput requirements.

Although using Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) provides a file system interface, it does not offer the same level of performance as FSx for Lustre. EFS is optimized for scalability and simplicity but may not achieve the consistent sub-millisecond latency needed for HPC workloads. Additionally, the process of copying data from S3 to EFS introduces unnecessary overhead.

Importing data directly into Amazon FSx for Lustre is a viable solution, but it does not utilize the initial import into an S3 bucket, which is a typical workflow for data migrations. However, while it allows for high performance, this option is not correct based on the requirement to first copy data to an S3 bucket and then process it. Thus, it does not align with the stated constraints in the problem.